Altai is spoken primarily in the altai republic southern altai and altai krai northern altai official status. In fact, all turkic languages are close to each other, but not all of them are. Turkic languages constitute a branch of the altaic language family. For example, an azerbaijani can understand istanbul turkish and general turkish easily, but heshe cannot.
Azerbaijani is member of the oghuz branch of the turkic languages and is closely related to turkish, qashqai and turkmen. There is also a high degree of mutual intelligibility among the various oghuz languages, which include turkish. Regarding this background, we designed an experiment within the framework of receptive multilingualism to investigate the role of linguistic factors in intelligibility of the turkish language to. A member of the southwest group of iranian languages, it is closely related to the mutually intelligible dialects of farsi and dari in iran and afghanistan, respectively, though it differs from these read more. All turkic speakers understand turkish people perfectly though.
Alongside russian, altai is an official language of the altai republic. See more of turkic languages and dialects on facebook. The degrees for intelligibility changes from one turkic language to the other, and they also have different accents in their own countries. Is there a list of mutually intelligible languages. Mutual intelligibility between languages can make learning them much easier. Latvian and lithuanian from what i know are not mutually intelligible maybe some latvian, lithuanian can proove me wrong. This is like the sort of stories i have heard about slavic languages two retirees, a pole and a bulgarian, speaking together in their separate native languages and still understanding 34 of the conversation.
How mutually intelligible are the turkic languages. For instance, norwegian and swedish are considered different languages for political and social reasons they are spoken in different countries, they use different spellings but they are mutually intelligible. Wikitravel users have collectively created a free turkish phrasebook with the goal of making it possible for travelers to get by while traveling in areas where turkish is spoken wikitravel phrasebooks are available in many languages and each one varies in depth and detail. Most of the languages are fairly close to each other, and its often been said that they are all mutually intelligible, and you can go from turkey all the way to the. They are spoken by turkic peoples across an area from eastern europe and the mediterranean to siberia and western and northern china. The only language mutually intelligible with english is scots, but its disputed whether that is a language or not, but scots is recognized as a language under the european charter for regional or minority languages. Sometimes it is also called lexical distance, if only lexical units have been comparedmeasured also, there is an article on wikipedia called mutual intelligibility, and it has a nice list of mutually intelligible languages as noticed, there are several aspects by which linguistic distances ld between a certain pair of. To what degree are turkic languages mutually intelligible.
The turkic languages are a language family of at least 35 documented languages, spoken by. Rieder, 2002, in other words, when a certain language is selected as a lingua franca for example, english, speakers of related and mutually intelligible languages for example, spanish. Turkic languages, en turkologists also study various. Keywords azerbaijani, language understanding, mutual intelligibility. The turkic languages are a language family of some thirty languages. Also malayindonesian is one of the most spoken languages. Some linguists use mutual intelligibility as a primary criterion for determining whether two speech varieties represent the same or different languages. The turkic languages closely resemble each other and form a complex of mutually intelligible dialects. The proper term for what youre asking is linguistic distance. So, i was reading a book and in its discussion on dialectlanguage. Most of the phrasebooks include a pronunciation guide, a general phrase list, information. On the plus side thanks for clarifying the dialect differences a bit for our non spanish speaking friends.
The different turkic languages are closely related and some of them are even mutually intelligible. Germanic language mutual intelligibility best, country. Regarding bullet point saying that uygur and uzbek are mutually understandable. Under colonialism, thailand was an independent kingdom, but laos was under french rule.
About mutual intelligibility of european languages. For individuals to achieve moderate proficiency or understanding in a language called l2 other than their first language l1 typically requires considerable time and effort through study andor practical application. Last voicesson sesler robert lindsay ma, california state. The earliest linguistic records are old turkic inscriptions, found near the orhon river in mongolia and the yenisey river valley in. Ma robert lindsay mutual intelligibility among the turkic. Turkish is mutually intelligible with many other turkic languages, especially those belonging to the southwestern oghuz branch of the turkic language family, which includes azerbaijani spoken in azerbaijan and iran, gagauz spoken in moldova, ukraine, and russia, and turkmen spoken in turkmenistan, iran, iraq, and afghanistan. The official language is based on the southern dialect spoken by the group called the altaykizi, however in the few years it has also spread to the northern altai republic. Mutual intelligibility between closely related language in europe. Together you can understand over 700 million people in all the continents. Turkic languages, group of closely related languages that form a subfamily of the altaic languages. Due to their development at the end of the twentieth century, many turkic languages have recently acquired increased political importance.
Turkic languages simple english wikipedia, the free. The truth is that the mutual intelligibility in turkic is much less. I heard that swedish people can understand norwegian and danish without specifically. Third, there exists a very interesting possibility of team members using an auxiliary code where their mother tongues are related intercomprehension capucho, 2002. The turkic languages are a language family of at least 35 documented languages, spoken by the turkic peoples of eurasia from eastern europe, the caucasus, central asia and west asia all the way to north asia particularly in siberia and east asia. Mutual intelligibility wikipedia republished wiki 2. Request pdf receptive multilingualism and language. Mutual intelligibility wikimili, the best wikipedia reader. Mastery of turkish grammar makes learning other turkic languages exponentially easier. Ussr divided the central asian turkic speech communities into separate languages.
Turkic languages essentially exhibit the same characteristics at the morphological and syntactic levels. Characteristic features of the azerbaijani language are. Receptive multilingualism and language understanding. Languages can also be mutually intelligible only in spoken forms such as polish and ukrainian or only in written forms such as icelandic and faroese. The siberian turkic languages lack arabic and persian loan words,but are otherwise not all that divergent from the others. The truth is that the mutual intelligibility in turkic. There are groups of languages that are mutually intelligible.
It is commonly believed that all slavic languages are fully mutually intelligible, which implies that they are close. However, except for a few pairs, the languages are not mutually intelligible owing to substantial divergences in their lexicons possibly due to different regional and historical inuences. Sometimes two groups may speak mutually intelligible varieties, but for various other reasons, see. Azerbaijani and turkish are two closelyrelated languages from oguz branch of turkic languages, which are said to be mutually intelligible. Dialects of english not mutually intelligible with. Article information, pdf download for receptive multilingualism and. The main geographic locations of turkic languages are. Pdf we present an approach to mt between tur kic languages and present results from an implementation of a mt system from turk men to turkish. Mutual intelligibility between closely related languages in. There are a few in swedish my first language that i know of, and these. However, many groups of languages are partly mutually intelligible, i. The yakut language of northern siberia is fairly divergent, but still very closely related to the other turkic languages. Languages of the world department of computer science. Other wellknown members of the turkic branch include.
The mutual inteligibility of the chinese and indian. Receptive intelligibility of turkish to iranianazerbaijani speakers. The dravidian languages of southern india like malayee, kanada and of course tamil are a different story. Many of these languages are spoken in regions of vital strategic importance, like the caucasus, the balkans, china, and the former soviet union. While the skeletons of the languages are virtually identical, the loan words tend to come from different languages e. Mutual intelligibility between closely related languages in europe pdf. Still all germanic languages are easier for me to understand and potentially communicate in than any of the romance languages. How much lithuanian and romanian languages are mutually. Traditionally people think that they are part of the altaic language family turkic languages are spoken by some 180 million people as a native language. If we count caucasus and turkey than turkishazeri and some caucasus languages belonging to the same group like checheningush. Tajik is the official language and is spoken by most people in tajikistan.
All turkic languages show close similarities to each other in phonology, morphology, and syntax, though chuvash, and yakut differ considerably from the rest. Mutual intelligibility is a situation in which two or more speakers of a language or of closely related languages can understand each other. That is, there is some intelligibility between most of the turkic languages, but generally below 90%. Like all of the turkic languages, azerbaijani is agglutinative, that is, grammatical. Gujarati and marathi are similar and i believe somewhat mutually intelligible. But there are different forms of english that are not mutually intelligible, but they are considered dialects of the same language. Mutual intelligibility is a continuum that is, a gradient concept, marked by degrees of intelligibility, not by sharp divisions.
Im wondering if you can think of any dialects of english that are so grammatically different from the standard, to the point where they are not really mutually intelligible with standard english. Discoveries on the turkic linguistic map turkic languages. Perhaps as mutually intelligible as english and albanian. Other languages finnish\estonian higher from estonian perspective. If you choose to learn a language which is at least to some extent mutually intelligible to a language you already know. Mutually intelligible languages or varieties of one language. February in turkish is subat from hebrew, in azeri its fevral from russian and the choice of words to use to address certain things can differ greatly e. The turkic languages show close similarities to each other in phonology, morphology, and syntax, though chuvash, khalaj, and sakha differ considerably from the rest. That turkish and azerbaijani are closely related languages within the oghuz. In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which. Even in several lists of the most spoken languages they say hindiurdu as one language. Pdf mutual intelligibility among the turkic languages robert. Are turkish, turkmen, uzbek, and kazakh all mutually.
The turkic languages originated in a region of east asia spanning western china to mongolia, where proto turkic is thought to have been spoken, from. Despite sanskrit loanwords they are not intelligible. Pdf mutual intelligibility among the turkic languages. And citation given in the article is irrelevant its reference to a book about turkic languages. Other standard languages, such as french, spanish, and german in europe, have similar relations to dialects that are not necessarily mutually intelligible with one another.
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